High School Math TEKS Standards

Probabilistic and statistical reasoning

Algebraic reasoning (expressions, equations, and generalized relationships)

Numeric reasoning

Mathematical process standards.

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies the process standards in mathematics to generate new understandings by extending existing knowledge. The student generates new mathematical understandings through problems involving numerical data that arise in everyday life, society, and the workplace. The student extends existing knowledge and skills to analyze real-world situations

use precision and accuracy in real-life situations related to measurement and significant figures

apply and analyze published ratings, weighted averages, and indices to make informed decisions

solve problems involving quantities that are not easily measured using proportionality

solve geometric problems involving indirect measurement, including similar triangles, the Pythagorean Theorem, Law of Sines, Law of Cosines, and the use of dynamic geometry software

solve problems involving large quantities using combinatorics

use arrays to efficiently manage large collections of data and add, subtract, and multiply matrices to solve applied problems, including geometric transformations

analyze various voting and selection processes to compare results in given situations

select and apply an algorithm of interest to solve real-life problems such as problems using recursion or iteration involving population growth or decline, fractals, and compound interest; the validity in recorded and transmitted data using checksums and hashing; sports rankings, weighted class rankings, and search engine rankings; and problems involving scheduling or routing situations using vertex-edge graphs, critical paths, Euler paths, and minimal spanning trees and communicate to peers the application of the algorithm in precise mathematical and nontechnical language

The student applies the process standards in mathematics to create and analyze mathematical models of everyday situations to make informed decisions related to earning, investing, spending, and borrowing money by appropriate, proficient, and efficient use of tools, including technology. The student uses mathematical relationships to make connections and predictions. The student judges the validity of a prediction and uses mathematical models to represent, analyze, and solve dynamic real-world problems

collect numerical bivariate data to create a scatterplot, select a function to model the data, justify the model selection, and use the model to interpret results and make predictions

describe the degree to which uncorrelated variables may or may not be related and analyze situations where correlated variables do or do not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship

determine or analyze an appropriate growth or decay model for problem situations, including linear, exponential, and logistic functions

determine or analyze an appropriate cyclical model for problem situations that can be modeled with periodic functions

determine or analyze an appropriate piecewise model for problem situations

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models for various types of income calculations to determine the best option for a given situation

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models for expenditures, including those involving credit, to determine the best option for a given situation

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models and appropriate representations, including formulas and amortization tables, for various types of loans and investments to determine the best option for a given situation

The student uses the process standards in mathematics to generate new understandings of probability and statistics. The student analyzes statistical information and evaluates risk and return to connect mathematical ideas and make informed decisions. The student applies a problem-solving model and statistical methods to design and conduct a study that addresses one or more particular question(s). The student uses multiple representations to communicate effectively the results of student-generated statistical studies and the critical analysis of published statistical studies

use a two-way frequency table as a sample space to identify whether two events are independent and to interpret the results

use the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), in mathematical and real-world problems

calculate conditional probabilities and probabilities of compound events using tree diagrams, Venn diagrams, area models, and formulas

interpret conditional probabilities and probabilities of compound events by analyzing representations to make decisions in problem situations

use probabilities to make and justify decisions about risks in everyday life

calculate expected value to analyze mathematical fairness, payoff, and risk

determine the validity of logical arguments that include compound conditional statements by constructing truth tables

identify limitations and lack of relevant information in studies reporting statistical information, especially when studies are reported in condensed form

interpret and compare statistical results using appropriate technology given a margin of error

identify potential misuses of statistics to justify particular conclusions, including assertions of a cause-and-effect relationship rather than an association, and missteps or fallacies in logical reasoning

describe strengths and weaknesses of sampling techniques, data and graphical displays, and interpretations of summary statistics and other results appearing in a study, including reports published in the media

determine the need for and purpose of a statistical investigation and what type of statistical analysis can be used to answer a specific question or set of questions

identify the population of interest for a statistical investigation, select an appropriate sampling technique, and collect data

identify the variables to be used in a study

determine possible sources of statistical bias in a study and how bias may affect the validity of the results

create data displays for given data sets to investigate, compare, and estimate center, shape, spread, and unusual features of the data

analyze possible sources of data variability, including those that can be controlled and those that cannot be controlled

report results of statistical studies to a particular audience, including selecting an appropriate presentation format, creating graphical data displays, and interpreting results in terms of the question studied

justify the design and the conclusion(s) of statistical studies, including the methods used

communicate statistical results in oral and written formats using appropriate statistical and nontechnical language

Number and algebraic methods

Exponential functions and equations

Quadratic functions and equations

Linear functions, equations, and inequalities

Mathematical process standards.

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to rewrite in equivalent forms and perform operations on polynomial expressions

add and subtract polynomials of degree one and degree two

multiply polynomials of degree one and degree two

determine the quotient of a polynomial of degree one and polynomial of degree two when divided by a polynomial of degree one and polynomial of degree two when the degree of the divisor does not exceed the degree of the dividend

rewrite polynomial expressions of degree one and degree two in equivalent forms using the distributive property

factor, if possible, trinomials with real factors in the form ax2 + bx + c, including perfect square trinomials of degree two

decide if a binomial can be written as the difference of two squares and, if possible, use the structure of a difference of two squares to rewrite the binomial

The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to rewrite algebraic expressions into equivalent forms

simplify numerical radical expressions involving square roots

simplify numeric and algebraic expressions using the laws of exponents, including integral and rational exponents

The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to write, solve, analyze, and evaluate equations, relations, and functions

decide whether relations represented verbally, tabularly, graphically, and symbolically define a function

evaluate functions, expressed in function notation, given one or more elements in their domains

identify terms of arithmetic and geometric sequences when the sequences are given in function form using recursive processes

write a formula for the nth term of arithmetic and geometric sequences, given the value of several of their terms

solve mathematic and scientific formulas, and other literal equations, for a specified variable

The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of linear functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, linear equations, inequalities, and systems of equations

determine the domain and range of a linear function in mathematical problems; determine reasonable domain and range values for real-world situations, both continuous and discrete; and represent domain and range using inequalities

write linear equations in two variables in various forms, including y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and y - y1 = m(x - x1), given one point and the slope and given two points

write linear equations in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description

write and solve equations involving direct variation

write the equation of a line that contains a given point and is parallel to a given line

write the equation of a line that contains a given point and is perpendicular to a given line

write an equation of a line that is parallel or perpendicular to the X or Y axis and determine whether the slope of the line is zero or undefined

write linear inequalities in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description

write systems of two linear equations given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description

The student applies the mathematical process standards when using graphs of linear functions, key features, and related transformations to represent in multiple ways and solve, with and without technology, equations, inequalities, and systems of equations

determine the slope of a line given a table of values, a graph, two points on the line, and an equation written in various forms, including y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and y - y1 = m(x - x1)

calculate the rate of change of a linear function represented tabularly, graphically, or algebraically in context of mathematical and real-world problems

graph linear functions on the coordinate plane and identify key features, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, and slope, in mathematical and real-world problems

graph the solution set of linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane

determine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d

graph systems of two linear equations in two variables on the coordinate plane and determine the solutions if they exist

estimate graphically the solutions to systems of two linear equations with two variables in real-world problems

graph the solution set of systems of two linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane

The student applies the mathematical process standards to formulate statistical relationships and evaluate their reasonableness based on real-world data

calculate, using technology, the correlation coefficient between two quantitative variables and interpret this quantity as a measure of the strength of the linear association

compare and contrast association and causation in real-world problems

write, with and without technology, linear functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions for real-world problems

The student applies the mathematical process standards to solve, with and without technology, linear equations and evaluate the reasonableness of their solutions

solve linear equations in one variable, including those for which the application of the distributive property is necessary and for which variables are included on both sides

solve linear inequalities in one variable, including those for which the application of the distributive property is necessary and for which variables are included on both sides

solve systems of two linear equations with two variables for mathematical and real-world problems

The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of quadratic functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, quadratic equations

determine the domain and range of quadratic functions and represent the domain and range using inequalities;

write equations of quadratic functions given the vertex and another point on the graph, write the equation in vertex form (f(x) = a(x - h)2+ k), and rewrite the equation from vertex form to standard form (f(x) = ax2+ bx + c)

write quadratic functions when given real solutions and graphs of their related equations

The student applies the mathematical process standards when using graphs of quadratic functions and their related transformations to represent in multiple ways and determine, with and without technology, the solutions to equations

graph quadratic functions on the coordinate plane and use the graph to identify key attributes, if possible, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, maximum value, minimum values, vertex, and the equation of the axis of symmetry

describe the relationship between the linear factors of quadratic expressions and the zeros of their associated quadratic functions

determine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x2 when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d

The student applies the mathematical process standards to solve, with and without technology, quadratic equations and evaluate the reasonableness of their solutions. The student formulates statistical relationships and evaluates their reasonableness based on real-world data

solve quadratic equations having real solutions by factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and applying the quadratic formula

write, using technology, quadratic functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions for real-world problems

The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of exponential functions and their related transformations to write, graph, and represent in multiple ways exponential equations and evaluate, with and without technology, the reasonableness of their solutions. The student formulates statistical relationships and evaluates their reasonableness based on real-world data

determine the domain and range of exponential functions of the form f(x) = abx and represent the domain and range using inequalities

interpret the meaning of the values of a and b in exponential functions of the form f(x) = abx in real-world problems

write exponential functions in the form f(x) = abx (where b is a rational number) to describe problems arising from mathematical and real-world situations, including growth and decay

graph exponential functions that model growth and decay and identify key features, including y-intercept and asymptote, in mathematical and real-world problems;

write, using technology, exponential functions that provide a reasonable fit to data and make predictions for real-world problems

Data

Number and algebraic methods

Cubic, cube root, absolute value and rational functions, equations, and inequalities

Exponential and logarithmic functions and equations

Quadratic and square root functions, equations, and inequalities

Systems of equations and inequalities

Mathematical process standards

determine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree three and of degree four using algebraic methods

determine linear and quadratic factors of a polynomial expression of degree three and of degree four, including factoring the sum and difference of two cubes and factoring by grouping

determine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of rational expressions with integral exponents of degree one and of degree two

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining the solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as approprate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise manthematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies mathematical processes to understand that functions have distinct key attributes and understand the relationship between a function and its inverse

Attributes of functions and their inverses

graph the functions f(x)=√x, f(x)=1/x, f(x)=x³, f(x)= ³√x, f(x)=bx, f(x)=|x|, and f(x)=logb (x) where b is 2, 10, and e, and, when applicable, analyze the key attributes such as domain, range, intercepts, symmetries, asymptotic behavior, and maximum and minimum given an interval

graph and write the inverse of a function using notation such as f-1 (x)

describe and analyze the relationship between a function and its inverse (quadratic and square root, logarithmic and exponential), including the restriction(s) on domain, which will restrict its range

use the composition of two functions, including the necessary restrictions on the domain, to determine if the functions are inverses of each other

The student applies mathematical processes to formulate systems of equations and inequalities, use a variety of methods to solve, and analyze reasonableness of solutions

formulate systems of equations, including systems consisting of three linear equations in three variables and systems consisting of two equations, the first linear and the second quadratic

solve systems of three linear equations in three variables by using Gaussian elimination, technology with matrices, and substitution

solve, algebraically, systems of two equations in two variables consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation

determine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables

formulate systems of at least two linear inequalities in two variables

solve systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables

determine possible solutions in the solution set of systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables

The student applies mathematical processes to understand that quadratic and square root functions, equations, and quadratic inequalities can be used to model situations, solve problems, and make predictions

write the quadratic function given three specified points in the plane

write the equation of a parabola using given attributes, including vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, and direction of opening

determine the effect on the graph of f(x) = √x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(bx), and f(x - c) for specific positive and negative values of a, b, c, and d

transform a quadratic function f(x) = ax² + bx + c to the form f(x) = a(x - h)² + k to identify the different attributes of f(x)

formulate quadratic and square root equations using technology given a table of data

solve quadratic and square root equations

identify extraneous solutions of square root equations

solve quadratic inequalities

The student applies mathematical processes to understand that exponential and logarithmic functions can be used to model situations and solve problems

determine the effects on the key attributes on the graphs of f(x) = b^x and f(x) = logb (x) where b is 2, 10, and e when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, and f(x - c) for specific positive and negative real values of a, c, and d

formulate exponential and logarithmic equations that model real-world situations, including exponential relationships written in recursive notation

rewrite exponential equations as their corresponding logarithmic equations and logarithmic equations as their corresponding exponential equations

solve exponential equations of the form y = ab^x where a is a nonzero real number and b is greater than zero and not equal to one and single logarithmic equations having real solutions

determine the reasonableness of a solution to a logarithmic equation

The student applies mathematical processes to understand that cubic, cube root, absolute value, and rational functions, equations, and inequalities can be used to model situations, solve problems, and make predictions

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = x³ and f(x) = ³√x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x - c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d

solve cube root equations that have real roots

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = |x| when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x-c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d

formulate absolute value linear equations

solve absolute value linear equations

solve absolute value linear inequalities

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = 1/x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x-c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d

formulate rational equations that model real-world situations

solve rational equations that have real solutions

determine the reasonableness of a solution to a rational equation

determine the asymptotic restrictions on the domain of a rational function and represent domain and range using interval notation, inequalities, and set notation

formulate and solve equations involving inverse variation

The student applies mathematical processes to simplify and perform operations on expressions and to solve equations

add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers

add, subtract, and multiply polynomials

determine the quotient of a polynomial of degree three and of degree four when divided by a polynomial of degree one and of degree two

rewrite radical expressions that contain variables to equivalent forms

solve equations involving rational exponents

write the domain and range of a function in interval notation, inequalities, and set notation

The student applies mathematical processes to analyze data, select appropriate models, write corresponding functions, and make predictions

analyze data to select the appropriate model from among linear, quadratic, and exponential models

use regression methods available through technology to write a linear function, a quadratic function, and an exponential function from a given set of data

predict and make decisions and critical judgments from a given set of data using linear, quadratic, and exponential models

Modeling from data

Number and algebraic methods

Patterns and structure

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding.

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies mathematical processes to connect finite differences or common ratios to attributes of functions

determine the patterns that identify the relationship between a function and its common ratio or related finite differences as appropriate, including linear, quadratic, cubic, and exponential functions

classify a function as linear, quadratic, cubic, and exponential when a function is represented tabularly using finite differences or common ratios as appropriate

determine the function that models a given table of related values using finite differences and its restricted domain and range

determine a function that models real-world data and mathematical contexts using finite differences such as the age of a tree and its circumference, figurative numbers, average velocity, and average acceleration

The student applies mathematical processes to understand the connections among representations of functions and combinations of functions, including the constant function, f(x) = x, f(x) = x², f(x) = √x, f(x) = 1/x, f(x) = x³, f(x) = ³√x, f(x) = bx, f(x) = |x|, and f(x) = logb (x) where b is 10 or e; functions and their inverses; and key attributes of these functions

compare and contrast the key attributes, including domain, range, maxima, minima, and intercepts, of a set of functions such as a set comprised of a linear, a quadratic, and an exponential function or a set comprised of an absolute value, a quadratic, and a square root function tabularly, graphically, and symbolically

compare and contrast the key attributes of a function and its inverse when it exists, including domain, range, maxima, minima, and intercepts, tabularly, graphically, and symbolically

verify that two functions are inverses of each other tabularly and graphically such as situations involving compound interest and interest rate, velocity and braking distance, and Fahrenheit-Celsius conversions

represent a resulting function tabularly, graphically, and symbolically when functions are combined or separated using arithmetic operations such as combining a 20% discount and a 6% sales tax on a sale to determine h(x), the total sale, f(x) = 0.8x, g(x) = 0.06(0.8x), and h(x) = f(x) + g(x)

model a situation using function notation when the output of one function is the input of a second function such as determining a function h(x) = g(f(x)) = 1.06(0.8x) for the final purchase price, h(x) of an item with price x dollars representing a 20% discount, f(x) = 0.8x followed by a 6% sales tax, g(x) = 1.06x

compare and contrast a function and possible functions that can be used to build it tabularly, graphically, and symbolically such as a quadratic function that results from multiplying two linear functions

The student applies mathematical processes to simplify and perform operations on functions represented in a variety of ways, including real-world situations

connect tabular representations to symbolic representations when adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomial functions arising from mathematical and real-world situations such as applications involving surface area and volume

compare and contrast the results when adding two linear functions and multiplying two linear functions that are represented tabularly, graphically, and symbolically

determine the quotient of a polynomial function of degree three and of degree four when divided by a polynomial function of degree one and of degree two when represented tabularly and symbolically

determine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree two and of degree three when represented symbolically and tabularly and graphically where appropriate

The student applies mathematical processes to represent, simplify, and perform operations on matrices and to solve systems of equations using matrices

add and subtract matrices

multiply matrices

multiply matrices by a scalar

represent and solve systems of two linear equations arising from mathematical and real-world situations using matrices

represent and solve systems of three linear equations arising from mathematical and real-world situations using matrices and technology

The student applies mathematical processes to estimate and determine solutions to equations resulting from functions and real-world applications with fluency

estimate a reasonable input value that results in a given output value for a given function, including quadratic, rational, and exponential functions

solve equations arising from questions asked about functions that model real-world applications, including linear and quadratic functions, tabularly, graphically, and symbolically

approximate solutions to equations arising from questions asked about exponential, logarithmic, square root, and cubic functions that model real-world applications tabularly and graphically

The student applies mathematical processes to analyze and model data based on real-world situations with corresponding functions

represent domain and range of a function using interval notation, inequalities, and set (builder) notation

compare and contrast between the mathematical and reasonable domain and range of functions modeling real-world situations, including linear, quadratic, exponential, and rational functions

determine the accuracy of a prediction from a function that models a set of data compared to the actual data using comparisons between average rates of change and finite differences such as gathering data from an emptying tank and comparing the average rate of change of the volume or the second differences in the volume to key attributes of the given model

determine an appropriate function model, including linear, quadratic, and exponential functions, for a set of data arising from real-world situations using finite differences and average rates of change

determine if a given linear function is a reasonable model for a set of data arising from a real-world situation

Theory of moves

Game (or competition) theory

Fair division

Group decision making

Planning and scheduling

Graph theory

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies the concept of graphs to determine possible solutions to real-world problems

explain the concept of graphs

use graph models for simple problems in management science

determine the valences of the vertices of a graph

identify Euler circuits in a graph

solve route inspection problems by Eulerizing a graph

determine solutions modeled by edge traversal in a graph

compare the results of solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP) using the nearest neighbor algorithm and using a greedy algorithm

distinguish between real-world problems modeled by Euler circuits and those modeled by Hamiltonian circuits

distinguish between algorithms that yield optimal solutions and those that give nearly optimal solutions

find minimum-cost spanning trees using Kruskal's algorithm

use the critical path method to determine the earliest possible completion time for a collection of tasks

explain the difference between a graph and a directed graph

The student uses heuristic algorithms to solve real-world problems

use the list processing algorithm to schedule tasks on identical processors

recognize situations appropriate for modeling or scheduling problems

determine whether a schedule is optimal using the critical path method together with the list processing algorithm

identify situations appropriate for modeling by bin packing

use any of six heuristic algorithms to solve bin packing problems

solve independent task scheduling problems using the list processing algorithm

explain the relationship between scheduling problems and bin packing problems

The student uses mathematical processes to apply decision-making schemes. The student analyzes the effects of multiple types of weighted voting and applies multiple voting concepts to real-world situations

describe the concept of a preference schedule and how to use it

explain how particular decision-making schemes work

determine the outcome for various voting methods, given the voters' preferences

explain how different voting schemes or the order of voting can lead to different results

describe the impact of various strategies on the results of the decision-making process

explain the impact of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem

relate the meaning of approval voting

explain the need for weighted voting and how it works

identify voting concepts such as Borda count, Condorcet winner, dummy voter, and coalition

compute the Banzhaf power index and explain its significance

The student applies the adjusted winner procedure and Knaster inheritance procedure to real-world situations

use the adjusted winner procedure to determine a fair allocation of property

use the adjusted winner procedure to resolve a dispute

explain how to reach a fair division using the Knaster inheritance procedure

solve fair division problems with three or more players using the Knaster inheritance procedure

explain the conditions under which the trimming procedure can be applied to indivisible goods

identify situations appropriate for the techniques of fair division

compare the advantages of the divider and the chooser in the divider-chooser method

discuss the rules and strategies of the divider-chooser method

resolve cake-division problems for three players using the last-diminisher method

analyze the relative importance of the three desirable properties of fair division: equitability, envy-freeness, and Pareto optimality

identify fair division procedures that exhibit envy-freeness

The student uses knowledge of basic game theory concepts to calculate optimal strategies. The student analyzes situations and identifies the use of gaming strategies

recognize competitive game situations

represent a game with a matrix

identify basic game theory concepts and vocabulary

determine the optimal pure strategies and value of a game with a saddle point by means of the minimax technique

explain the concept of and need for a mixed strategy

compute the optimal mixed strategy and the expected value for a player in a game who has only two pure strategies

model simple two-by-two, bimatrix games of partial conflict

identify the nature and implications of the game called "Prisoners' Dilemma"

explain the game known as "chicken"

identify examples that illustrate the prevalence of Prisoners' Dilemma and chicken in our society

determine when a pair of strategies for two players is in equilibrium

The student analyzes the theory of moves (TOM). The student uses the TOM and game theory to analyze conflicts

compare and contrast TOM and game theory

explain the rules of TOM

describe what is meant by a cyclic game

use a game tree to analyze a two-person game

determine the effect of approaching Prisoners' Dilemma and chicken from the standpoint of TOM and contrast that to the effect of approaching them from the standpoint of game theory

describe the use of TOM in a larger, more complicated game

model a conflict from literature or from a real-life situation as a two-by-two strict ordinal game and compare the results predicted by game theory and by TOM

Probability

Circles

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional figures

Similarity, proof, and trigonometry

Proof and congruence

Logical argument and constructions

Coordinate and transformational geometry

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student uses the process skills to recognize characteristics and dimensional changes of two- and three-dimensional figures

identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional shapes

determine and describe how changes in the linear dimensions of a shape affect its perimeter, area, surface area, or volume, including proportional and non-proportional dimensional change

The student uses the process skills in the application of formulas to determine measures of two- and three-dimensional figures

apply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems using appropriate units of measure

determine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of a combination of triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, kites, regular polygons, or sectors of circles to solve problems using appropriate units of measure

apply the formulas for the total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures, including prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, spheres, and composite figures, to solve problems using appropriate units of measure

apply the formulas for the volume of three-dimensional figures, including prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, spheres, and composite figures, to solve problems using appropriate units of measure

The student uses the process skills to understand geometric relationships and apply theorems and equations about circles

apply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non-contextual problems

apply the proportional relationship between the measure of an arc length of a circle and the circumference of the circle to solve problems

apply the proportional relationship between the measure of the area of a sector of a circle and the area of the circle to solve problems

describe radian measure of an angle as the ratio of the length of an arc intercepted by a central angle and the radius of the circle

show that the equation of a circle with center at the origin and radius r is x² + y² = r² and determine the equation for the graph of a circle with radius r and center (h, k), (x - h)² + (y - k)² =r²

The student uses the process skills to understand probability in real-world situations and how to apply independence and dependence of events

develop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems

determine probabilities based on area to solve contextual problems

identify whether two events are independent and compute the probability of the two events occurring together with or without replacement

apply conditional probability in contextual problems

apply independence in contextual problems

The student uses the process skills to understand the connections between algebra and geometry and uses the one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to verify geometric conjectures

determine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance less than one from one end of a line segment to the other in one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems, including finding the midpoint

derive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships, including congruence of segments and parallelism or perpendicularity of pairs of lines

determine an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point

The student uses the process skills to generate and describe rigid transformations (translation, reflection, and rotation) and non-rigid transformations (dilations that preserve similarity and reductions and enlargements that do not preserve similarity)

describe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation

determine the image or pre-image of a given two-dimensional figure under a composition of rigid transformations, a composition of non-rigid transformations, and a composition of both, including dilations where the center can be any point in the plane

identify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given pre-image onto an image on and off the coordinate plane

identify and distinguish between reflectional and rotational symmetry in a plane figure

The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to understand geometric relationships

distinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems

identify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement and recognize the connection between a biconditional statement and a true conditional statement with a true converse

verify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample

compare geometric relationships between Euclidean and spherical geometries, including parallel lines and the sum of the angles in a triangle

The student uses constructions to validate conjectures about geometric figures

investigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships, including angles formed by parallel lines cut by a transversal, criteria required for triangle congruence, special segments of triangles, diagonals of quadrilaterals, interior and exterior angles of polygons, and special segments and angles of circles choosing from a variety of tools

construct congruent segments, congruent angles, a segment bisector, an angle bisector, perpendicular lines, the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, and a line parallel to a given line through a point not on a line using a compass and a straightedge

use the constructions of congruent segments, congruent angles, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors to make conjectures about geometric relationships

verify the Triangle Inequality theorem using constructions and apply the theorem to solve problems

The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to prove and apply theorems by using a variety of methods such as coordinate, transformational, and axiomatic and formats such as two-column, paragraph, and flow chart

verify theorems about angles formed by the intersection of lines and line segments, including vertical angles, and angles formed by parallel lines cut by a transversal and prove equidistance between the endpoints of a segment and points on its perpendicular bisector and apply these relationships to solve problems

prove two triangles are congruent by applying the Side-Angle-Side, Angle-Side-Angle, Side-Side-Side, Angle-Angle-Side, and Hypotenuse-Leg congruence conditions

apply the definition of congruence, in terms of rigid transformations, to identify congruent figures and their corresponding sides and angles

verify theorems about the relationships in triangles, including proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, the sum of interior angles, base angles of isosceles triangles, midsegments, and medians, and apply these relationships to solve problems

prove a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus using opposite sides, opposite angles, or diagonals and apply these relationships to solve problems

The student uses the process skills in applying similarity to solve problems

apply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similar figures and their proportional sides and the congruent corresponding angles

apply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify similar triangles and apply the proportionality of the corresponding sides to solve problems

The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to prove and apply theorems by using a variety of methods such as coordinate, transformational, and axiomatic and formats such as two-column, paragraph, and flow chart

prove theorems about similar triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem, and apply these theorems to solve problems

identify and apply the relationships that exist when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, including the geometric mean, to solve problems

The student uses the process skills to understand and apply relationships in right triangles

determine the lengths of sides and measures of angles in a right triangle by applying the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems

apply the relationships in special right triangles 30°-60°-90° and 45°-45°-90° and the Pythagorean theorem, including Pythagorean triples, to solve problems

Independent Study in Mathematics

Advanced Quantitative Reasoning

Mathematical Models with Applications

Precalculus

Geometry

Algebra II

Algebra I

Subchapter C. High School

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Number and algebraic methods. The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to rewrite in equivalent forms and perform operations on polynomial expressions. The student is expected to:

add and subtract polynomials of degree one and degree two;

multiply polynomials of degree one and degree two;

determine the quotient of a polynomial of degree one and polynomial of degree two when divided by a polynomial of degree one and polynomial of degree two when the degree of the divisor does not exceed the degree of the dividend;

rewrite polynomial expressions of degree one and degree two in equivalent forms using the distributive property;

factor, if possible, trinomials with real factors in the form ax² + bx + c, including perfect square trinomials of degree two; and

decide if a binomial can be written as the difference of two squares and, if possible, use the structure of a difference of two squares to rewrite the binomial.

Number and algebraic methods. The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to rewrite algebraic expressions into equivalent forms. The student is expected to:

simplify numerical radical expressions involving square roots; and

simplify numeric and algebraic expressions using the laws of exponents, including integral and rational exponents.

Number and algebraic methods. The student applies the mathematical process standards and algebraic methods to write, solve, analyze, and evaluate equations, relations, and functions. The student is expected to:

decide whether relations represented verbally, tabularly, graphically, and symbolically define a function;

evaluate functions, expressed in function notation, given one or more elements in their domains;

identify terms of arithmetic and geometric sequences when the sequences are given in function form using recursive processes;

write a formula for the nth term of arithmetic and geometric sequences, given the value of several of their terms; and

solve mathematic and scientific formulas, and other literal equations, for a specified variable.

Linear functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of linear functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, linear equations, inequalities, and systems of equations. The student is expected to:

determine the domain and range of a linear function in mathematical problems; determine reasonable domain and range values for real-world situations, both continuous and discrete; and represent domain and range using inequalities;

write linear equations in two variables in various forms, including y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and y - y1 = m(x - x1), given one point and the slope and given two points;

write linear equations in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description;

write and solve equations involving direct variation;

write the equation of a line that contains a given point and is parallel to a given line;

write the equation of a line that contains a given point and is perpendicular to a given line;

write an equation of a line that is parallel or perpendicular to the X or Y axis and determine whether the slope of the line is zero or undefined;

write linear inequalities in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description; and

write systems of two linear equations given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description.

Linear functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using graphs of linear functions, key features, and related transformations to represent in multiple ways and solve, with and without technology, equations, inequalities, and systems of equations. The student is expected to:

determine the slope of a line given a table of values, a graph, two points on the line, and an equation written in various forms, including y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and y - y1 = m(x - x1);

calculate the rate of change of a linear function represented tabularly, graphically, or algebraically in context of mathematical and real-world problems;

graph linear functions on the coordinate plane and identify key features, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, and slope, in mathematical and real-world problems;

graph the solution set of linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane;

determine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d;

graph systems of two linear equations in two variables on the coordinate plane and determine the solutions if they exist;

estimate graphically the solutions to systems of two linear equations with two variables in real-world problems; and

graph the solution set of systems of two linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane.

Linear functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies the mathematical process standards to formulate statistical relationships and evaluate their reasonableness based on real-world data. The student is expected to:

calculate, using technology, the correlation coefficient between two quantitative variables and interpret this quantity as a measure of the strength of the linear association;

compare and contrast association and causation in real-world problems; and

write, with and without technology, linear functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions for real-world problems.

Linear functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies the mathematical process standards to solve, with and without technology, linear equations and evaluate the reasonableness of their solutions. The student is expected to:

solve linear equations in one variable, including those for which the application of the distributive property is necessary and for which variables are included on both sides;

solve linear inequalities in one variable, including those for which the application of the distributive property is necessary and for which variables are included on both sides; and

solve systems of two linear equations with two variables for mathematical and real-world problems.

Quadratic functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of quadratic functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, quadratic equations. The student is expected to:

determine the domain and range of quadratic functions and represent the domain and range using inequalities;

write equations of quadratic functions given the vertex and another point on the graph, write the equation in vertex form (f(x) = a(x - h)² + k), and rewrite the equation from vertex form to standard form (f(x) = ax² + bx + c); and

write quadratic functions when given real solutions and graphs of their related equations.

Quadratic functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using graphs of quadratic functions and their related transformations to represent in multiple ways and determine, with and without technology, the solutions to equations. The student is expected to:

graph quadratic functions on the coordinate plane and use the graph to identify key attributes, if possible, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, maximum value, minimum values, vertex, and the equation of the axis of symmetry;

describe the relationship between the linear factors of quadratic expressions and the zeros of their associated quadratic functions; and

determine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x² when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d.

Quadratic functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards to solve, with and without technology, quadratic equations and evaluate the reasonableness of their solutions. The student formulates statistical relationships and evaluates their reasonableness based on real-world data. The student is expected to

solve quadratic equations having real solutions by factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and applying the quadratic formula; and

write, using technology, quadratic functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions for real-world problems.

Exponential functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of exponential functions and their related transformations to write, graph, and represent in multiple ways exponential equations and evaluate, with and without technology, the reasonableness of their solutions. The student formulates statistical relationships and evaluates their reasonableness based on real-world data. The student is expected to:

determine the domain and range of exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x and represent the domain and range using inequalities;

interpret the meaning of the values of a and b in exponential functions of the form f(x) = abx in real-world problems;

write exponential functions in the form f(x) = abx (where b is a rational number) to describe problems arising from mathematical and real-world situations, including growth and decay;

graph exponential functions that model growth and decay and identify key features, including y-intercept and asymptote, in mathematical and real-world problems; and

write, using technology, exponential functions that provide a reasonable fit to data and make predictions for real-world problems.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Attributes of functions and their inverses. The student applies mathematical processes to understand that functions have distinct key attributes and understand the relationship between a function and its inverse. The student is expected to:

graph the functions f(x)=√x, f(x)=1/x, f(x)=x³, f(x)= ³√x, f(x)=b^x, f(x)=|x|, and f(x)=logb (x) where b is 2, 10, and e, and, when applicable, analyze the key attributes such as domain, range, intercepts, symmetries, asymptotic behavior, and maximum and minimum given an interval;

graph and write the inverse of a function using notation such as f^-1 (x);

describe and analyze the relationship between a function and its inverse (quadratic and square root, logarithmic and exponential), including the restriction(s) on domain, which will restrict its range; and

use the composition of two functions, including the necessary restrictions on the domain, to determine if the functions are inverses of each other.

Systems of equations and inequalities. The student applies mathematical processes to formulate systems of equations and inequalities, use a variety of methods to solve, and analyze reasonableness of solutions. The student is expected to:

formulate systems of equations, including systems consisting of three linear equations in three variables and systems consisting of two equations, the first linear and the second quadratic;

solve systems of three linear equations in three variables by using Gaussian elimination, technology with matrices, and substitution;

solve, algebraically, systems of two equations in two variables consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation;

determine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables;

formulate systems of at least two linear inequalities in two variables;

solve systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables; and

determine possible solutions in the solution set of systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables.

Quadratic and square root functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies mathematical processes to understand that quadratic and square root functions, equations, and quadratic inequalities can be used to model situations, solve problems, and make predictions. The student is expected to:

write the quadratic function given three specified points in the plane;

write the equation of a parabola using given attributes, including vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, and direction of opening;

determine the effect on the graph of f(x) = √x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(bx), and f(x - c) for specific positive and negative values of a, b, c, and d;

transform a quadratic function f(x) = ax² + bx + c to the form f(x) = a(x - h)² + k to identify the different attributes of f(x);

formulate quadratic and square root equations using technology given a table of data;

solve quadratic and square root equations;

identify extraneous solutions of square root equations; and

solve quadratic inequalities.

Exponential and logarithmic functions and equations. The student applies mathematical processes to understand that exponential and logarithmic functions can be used to model situations and solve problems. The student is expected to:

determine the effects on the key attributes on the graphs of f(x) = b^x and f(x) = logb (x) where b is 2, 10, and e when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, and f(x - c) for specific positive and negative real values of a, c, and d;

formulate exponential and logarithmic equations that model real-world situations, including exponential relationships written in recursive notation;

rewrite exponential equations as their corresponding logarithmic equations and logarithmic equations as their corresponding exponential equations;

solve exponential equations of the form y = abx where a is a nonzero real number and b is greater than zero and not equal to one and single logarithmic equations having real solutions; and

determine the reasonableness of a solution to a logarithmic equation.

Cubic, cube root, absolute value and rational functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies mathematical processes to understand that cubic, cube root, absolute value and rational functions, equations, and inequalities can be used to model situations, solve problems, and make predictions. The student is expected to:

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = x³ and f(x) = ³√x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x - c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d;

solve cube root equations that have real roots;

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = |x| when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x-c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d;

formulate absolute value linear equations;

solve absolute value linear equations;

solve absolute value linear inequalities;

analyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = 1/x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(bx), f(x-c), and f(x) + d for specific positive and negative real values of a, b, c, and d;

formulate rational equations that model real-world situations;

solve rational equations that have real solutions;

determine the reasonableness of a solution to a rational equation;

determine the asymptotic restrictions on the domain of a rational function and represent domain and range using interval notation, inequalities, and set notation; and

formulate and solve equations involving inverse variation.

Number and algebraic methods. The student applies mathematical processes to simplify and perform operations on expressions and to solve equations. The student is expected to:

add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers;

add, subtract, and multiply polynomials;

determine the quotient of a polynomial of degree three and of degree four when divided by a polynomial of degree one and of degree two;

determine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree three and of degree four using algebraic methods;

determine linear and quadratic factors of a polynomial expression of degree three and of degree four, including factoring the sum and difference of two cubes and factoring by grouping;

determine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of rational expressions with integral exponents of degree one and of degree two;

rewrite radical expressions that contain variables to equivalent forms;

solve equations involving rational exponents; and

write the domain and range of a function in interval notation, inequalities, and set notation.

Data. The student applies mathematical processes to analyze data, select appropriate models, write corresponding functions, and make predictions. The student is expected to:

analyze data to select the appropriate model from among linear, quadratic, and exponential models;

use regression methods available through technology to write a linear function, a quadratic function, and an exponential function from a given set of data; and

predict and make decisions and critical judgments from a given set of data using linear, quadratic, and exponential models.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Numeric reasoning. The student applies the process standards in mathematics to generate new understandings by extending existing knowledge. The student generates new mathematical understandings through problems involving numerical data that arise in everyday life, society, and the workplace. The student extends existing knowledge and skills to analyze real-world situations. The student is expected to:

use precision and accuracy in real-life situations related to measurement and significant figures;

apply and analyze published ratings, weighted averages, and indices to make informed decisions;

solve problems involving quantities that are not easily measured using proportionality;

solve geometric problems involving indirect measurement, including similar triangles, the Pythagorean Theorem, Law of Sines, Law of Cosines, and the use of dynamic geometry software;

solve problems involving large quantities using combinatorics;

use arrays to efficiently manage large collections of data and add, subtract, and multiply matrices to solve applied problems, including geometric transformations;

analyze various voting and selection processes to compare results in given situations; and

select and apply an algorithm of interest to solve real-life problems such as problems using recursion or iteration involving population growth or decline, fractals, and compound interest; the validity in recorded and transmitted data using checksums and hashing; sports rankings, weighted class rankings, and search engine rankings; and problems involving scheduling or routing situations using vertex-edge graphs, critical paths, Euler paths, and minimal spanning trees and communicate to peers the application of the algorithm in precise mathematical and nontechnical language.

Algebraic reasoning (expressions, equations, and generalized relationships). The student applies the process standards in mathematics to create and analyze mathematical models of everyday situations to make informed decisions related to earning, investing, spending, and borrowing money by appropriate, proficient, and efficient use of tools, including technology. The student uses mathematical relationships to make connections and predictions. The student judges the validity of a prediction and uses mathematical models to represent, analyze, and solve dynamic real-world problems. The student is expected to:

collect numerical bivariate data to create a scatterplot, select a function to model the data, justify the model selection, and use the model to interpret results and make predictions;

describe the degree to which uncorrelated variables may or may not be related and analyze situations where correlated variables do or do not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship;

determine or analyze an appropriate growth or decay model for problem situations, including linear, exponential, and logistic functions;

determine or analyze an appropriate cyclical model for problem situations that can be modeled with periodic functions;

determine or analyze an appropriate piecewise model for problem situations;

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models for various types of income calculations to determine the best option for a given situation;

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models for expenditures, including those involving credit, to determine the best option for a given situation; and

create, represent, and analyze mathematical models and appropriate representations, including formulas and amortization tables, for various types of loans and investments to determine the best option for a given situation.

Probabilistic and statistical reasoning. The student uses the process standards in mathematics to generate new understandings of probability and statistics. The student analyzes statistical information and evaluates risk and return to connect mathematical ideas and make informed decisions. The student applies a problem-solving model and statistical methods to design and conduct a study that addresses one or more particular question(s). The student uses multiple representations to communicate effectively the results of student-generated statistical studies and the critical analysis of published statistical studies. The student is expected to:

use a two-way frequency table as a sample space to identify whether two events are independent and to interpret the results;

use the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), in mathematical and real-world problems;

calculate conditional probabilities and probabilities of compound events using tree diagrams, Venn diagrams, area models, and formulas;

interpret conditional probabilities and probabilities of compound events by analyzing representations to make decisions in problem situations;

use probabilities to make and justify decisions about risks in everyday life;

calculate expected value to analyze mathematical fairness, payoff, and risk;

determine the validity of logical arguments that include compound conditional statements by constructing truth tables;

identify limitations and lack of relevant information in studies reporting statistical information, especially when studies are reported in condensed form;

interpret and compare statistical results using appropriate technology given a margin of error;

identify potential misuses of statistics to justify particular conclusions, including assertions of a cause-and-effect relationship rather than an association, and missteps or fallacies in logical reasoning;

describe strengths and weaknesses of sampling techniques, data and graphical displays, and interpretations of summary statistics and other results appearing in a study, including reports published in the media;

determine the need for and purpose of a statistical investigation and what type of statistical analysis can be used to answer a specific question or set of questions;

identify the population of interest for a statistical investigation, select an appropriate sampling technique, and collect data;

identify the variables to be used in a study;

determine possible sources of statistical bias in a study and how bias may affect the validity of the results;

create data displays for given data sets to investigate, compare, and estimate center, shape, spread, and unusual features of the data;

analyze possible sources of data variability, including those that can be controlled and those that cannot be controlled;

report results of statistical studies to a particular audience, including selecting an appropriate presentation format, creating graphical data displays, and interpreting results in terms of the question studied;

justify the design and the conclusion(s) of statistical studies, including the methods used; and

communicate statistical results in oral and written formats using appropriate statistical and nontechnical language.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional figures. The student uses the process skills to recognize characteristics and dimensional changes of two- and three-dimensional figures. The student is expected to:

identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional shapes; and

determine and describe how changes in the linear dimensions of a shape affect its perimeter, area, surface area, or volume, including proportional and non-proportional dimensional change.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional figures. The student uses the process skills in the application of formulas to determine measures of two- and three-dimensional figures. The student is expected to:

apply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems using appropriate units of measure;

determine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of a combination of triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, kites, regular polygons, or sectors of circles to solve problems using appropriate units of measure;

apply the formulas for the total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures, including prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, spheres, and composite figures, to solve problems using appropriate units of measure; and

apply the formulas for the volume of three-dimensional figures, including prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, spheres, and composite figures, to solve problems using appropriate units of measure.

Circles. The student uses the process skills to understand geometric relationships and apply theorems and equations about circles. The student is expected to:

apply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants, to solve non-contextual problems;

apply the proportional relationship between the measure of an arc length of a circle and the circumference of the circle to solve problems;

apply the proportional relationship between the measure of the area of a sector of a circle and the area of the circle to solve problems;

describe radian measure of an angle as the ratio of the length of an arc intercepted by a central angle and the radius of the circle; and

show that the equation of a circle with center at the origin and radius r is x² + y² = r² and determine the equation for the graph of a circle with radius r and center (h, k), (x - h)² + (y - k)² =r².

Probability. The student uses the process skills to understand probability in real-world situations and how to apply independence and dependence of events. The student is expected to:

develop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems;

determine probabilities based on area to solve contextual problems;

identify whether two events are independent and compute the probability of the two events occurring together with or without replacement;

apply conditional probability in contextual problems; and

apply independence in contextual problems.

Coordinate and transformational geometry. The student uses the process skills to understand the connections between algebra and geometry and uses the one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to verify geometric conjectures. The student is expected to:

determine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance less than one from one end of a line segment to the other in one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems, including finding the midpoint;

derive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships, including congruence of segments and parallelism or perpendicularity of pairs of lines; and

determine an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point.

Coordinate and transformational geometry. The student uses the process skills to generate and describe rigid transformations (translation, reflection, and rotation) and non-rigid transformations (dilations that preserve similarity and reductions and enlargements that do not preserve similarity). The student is expected to:

describe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation;

determine the image or pre-image of a given two-dimensional figure under a composition of rigid transformations, a composition of non-rigid transformations, and a composition of both, including dilations where the center can be any point in the plane;

identify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given pre-image onto an image on and off the coordinate plane; and

identify and distinguish between reflectional and rotational symmetry in a plane figure.

Logical argument and constructions. The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to understand geometric relationships. The student is expected to:

distinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems;

identify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement and recognize the connection between a biconditional statement and a true conditional statement with a true converse;

verify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample; and

compare geometric relationships between Euclidean and spherical geometries, including parallel lines and the sum of the angles in a triangle.

Logical argument and constructions. The student uses constructions to validate conjectures about geometric figures. The student is expected to:

investigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships, including angles formed by parallel lines cut by a transversal, criteria required for triangle congruence, special segments of triangles, diagonals of quadrilaterals, interior and exterior angles of polygons, and special segments and angles of circles choosing from a variety of tools;

construct congruent segments, congruent angles, a segment bisector, an angle bisector, perpendicular lines, the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, and a line parallel to a given line through a point not on a line using a compass and a straightedge;

use the constructions of congruent segments, congruent angles, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors to make conjectures about geometric relationships; and

verify the Triangle Inequality theorem using constructions and apply the theorem to solve problems.

Proof and congruence. The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to prove and apply theorems by using a variety of methods such as coordinate, transformational, and axiomatic and formats such as two-column, paragraph, and flow chart. The student is expected to:

verify theorems about angles formed by the intersection of lines and line segments, including vertical angles, and angles formed by parallel lines cut by a transversal and prove equidistance between the endpoints of a segment and points on its perpendicular bisector and apply these relationships to solve problems;

prove two triangles are congruent by applying the Side-Angle-Side, Angle-Side-Angle, Side-Side-Side, Angle-Angle-Side, and Hypotenuse-Leg congruence conditions;

apply the definition of congruence, in terms of rigid transformations, to identify congruent figures and their corresponding sides and angles;

verify theorems about the relationships in triangles, including proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, the sum of interior angles, base angles of isosceles triangles, midsegments, and medians, and apply these relationships to solve problems; and

prove a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus using opposite sides, opposite angles, or diagonals and apply these relationships to solve problems.

Similarity, proof, and trigonometry. The student uses the process skills in applying similarity to solve problems. The student is expected to:

apply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similar figures and their proportional sides and the congruent corresponding angles; and

apply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify similar triangles and apply the proportionality of the corresponding sides to solve problems.

Similarity, proof, and trigonometry. The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to prove and apply theorems by using a variety of methods such as coordinate, transformational, and axiomatic and formats such as two-column, paragraph, and flow chart. The student is expected to:

prove theorems about similar triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem, and apply these theorems to solve problems; and

identify and apply the relationships that exist when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, including the geometric mean, to solve problems.

Similarity, proof, and trigonometry. The student uses the process skills to understand and apply relationships in right triangles. The student is expected to:

determine the lengths of sides and measures of angles in a right triangle by applying the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems; and

apply the relationships in special right triangles 30°-60°-90° and 45°-45°-90° and the Pythagorean theorem, including Pythagorean triples, to solve problems.

Knowledge and skills: mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Mathematical modeling in social sciences. The student applies mathematical processes to design a study and use graphical, numerical, and analytical techniques to communicate the results of the study. The student is expected to:

formulate a meaningful question, determine the data needed to answer the question, gather the appropriate data, analyze the data, and draw reasonable conclusions; and

communicate methods used, analyses conducted, and conclusions drawn for a data-analysis project through the use of one or more of the following: a written report, a visual display, an oral report, or a multi-media presentation.

Mathematical modeling in personal finance. The student uses mathematical processes with graphical and numerical techniques to study patterns and analyze data related to personal finance. The student is expected to:

use rates and linear functions to solve problems involving personal finance and budgeting, including compensations and deductions;

solve problems involving personal taxes; and

analyze data to make decisions about banking, including options for online banking, checking accounts, overdraft protection, processing fees, and debit card/ATM fees.

Mathematical modeling in personal finance. The student uses mathematical processes with algebraic formulas, graphs, and amortization modeling to solve problems involving credit. The student is expected to:

use formulas to generate tables to display series of payments for loan amortizations resulting from financed purchases;

analyze personal credit options in retail purchasing and compare relative advantages and disadvantages of each option;

use technology to create amortization models to investigate home financing and compare buying a home to renting a home; and

use technology to create amortization models to investigate automobile financing and compare buying a vehicle to leasing a vehicle.

Mathematical modeling in personal finance. The student uses mathematical processes with algebraic formulas, numerical techniques, and graphs to solve problems related to financial planning. The student is expected to:

analyze and compare coverage options and rates in insurance;

investigate and compare investment options, including stocks, bonds, annuities, certificates of deposit, and retirement plans; and

analyze types of savings options involving simple and compound interest and compare relative advantages of these options.

Mathematical modeling in science and engineering. The student applies mathematical processes with algebraic techniques to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to science. The student is expected to:

use proportionality and inverse variation to describe physical laws such as Hook's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, and Boyle's Law;

use exponential models available through technology to model growth and decay in areas, including radioactive decay; and

use quadratic functions to model motion.

Mathematical modeling in science and engineering. The student applies mathematical processes with algebra and geometry to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to architecture and engineering. The student is expected to:

use similarity, geometric transformations, symmetry, and perspective drawings to describe mathematical patterns and structure in architecture;

use scale factors with two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects to demonstrate proportional and non-proportional changes in surface area and volume as applied to fields;

use the Pythagorean Theorem and special right-triangle relationships to calculate distances; and

use trigonometric ratios to calculate distances and angle measures as applied to fields.

Mathematical modeling in fine arts. The student uses mathematical processes with algebra and geometry to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to fine arts. The student is expected to:

use trigonometric ratios and functions available through technology to model periodic behavior in art and music;

use similarity, geometric transformations, symmetry, and perspective drawings to describe mathematical patterns and structure in art and photography;

use geometric transformations, proportions, and periodic motion to describe mathematical patterns and structure in music; and

use scale factors with two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects to demonstrate proportional and non-proportional changes in surface area and volume as applied to fields.

Mathematical modeling in social sciences. The student applies mathematical processes to determine the number of elements in a finite sample space and compute the probability of an event. The student is expected to:

determine the number of ways an event may occur using combinations, permutations, and the Fundamental Counting Principle;

compare theoretical to empirical probability; and

use experiments to determine the reasonableness of a theoretical model such as binomial or geometric.

Mathematical modeling in social sciences. The student applies mathematical processes and mathematical models to analyze data as it applies to social sciences. The student is expected to:

interpret information from various graphs, including line graphs, bar graphs, circle graphs, histograms, scatterplots, dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, and box and whisker plots, to draw conclusions from the data and determine the strengths and weaknesses of conclusions;

analyze numerical data using measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and variability (range, interquartile range or IQR, and standard deviation) in order to make inferences with normal distributions;

distinguish the purposes and differences among types of research, including surveys, experiments, and observational studies;

use data from a sample to estimate population mean or population proportion;

analyze marketing claims based on graphs and statistics from electronic and print media and justify the validity of stated or implied conclusions; and

use regression methods available through technology to model linear and exponential functions, interpret correlations, and make predictions.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Functions. The student uses process standards in mathematics to explore, describe, and analyze the attributes of functions. The student makes connections between multiple representations of functions and algebraically constructs new functions. The student analyzes and uses functions to model real-world problems. The student is expected to:

use the composition of two functions to model and solve real-world problems;

demonstrate that function composition is not always commutative;

represent a given function as a composite function of two or more functions;

describe symmetry of graphs of even and odd functions;

determine an inverse function, when it exists, for a given function over its domain or a subset of its domain and represent the inverse using multiple representations;

graph exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, power, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, and piecewise defined functions, including step functions;

graph functions, including exponential, logarithmic, sine, cosine, rational, polynomial, and power functions and their transformations, including af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d, in mathematical and real-world problems;

graph arcsin x and arccos x and describe the limitations on the domain;

determine and analyze the key features of exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, power, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, and piecewise defined functions, including step functions such as domain, range, symmetry, relative maximum, relative minimum, zeros, asymptotes, and intervals over which the function is increasing or decreasing;

analyze and describe end behavior of functions, including exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, and power functions, using infinity notation to communicate this characteristic in mathematical and real-world problems;

analyze characteristics of rational functions and the behavior of the function around the asymptotes, including horizontal, vertical, and oblique asymptotes;

determine various types of discontinuities in the interval (-∞, ∞) as they relate to functions and explore the limitations of the graphing calculator as it relates to the behavior of the function around discontinuities;

describe the left-sided behavior and the right-sided behavior of the graph of a function around discontinuities;

analyze situations modeled by functions, including exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, and power functions, to solve real-world problems;

develop and use a sinusoidal function that models a situation in mathematical and real-world problems; and

determine the values of the trigonometric functions at the special angles and relate them in mathematical and real-world problems.

Relations and geometric reasoning. The student uses the process standards in mathematics to model and make connections between algebraic and geometric relations. The student is expected to:

graph a set of parametric equations;

convert parametric equations into rectangular relations and convert rectangular relations into parametric equations;

use parametric equations to model and solve mathematical and real-world problems;

graph points in the polar coordinate system and convert between rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates;

graph polar equations by plotting points and using technology;

determine the conic section formed when a plane intersects a double-napped cone;

make connections between the locus definition of conic sections and their equations in rectangular coordinates;

use the characteristics of an ellipse to write the equation of an ellipse with center (h, k); and

use the characteristics of a hyperbola to write the equation of a hyperbola with center (h, k).

Number and measure. The student uses process standards in mathematics to apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to calculate measures in mathematical and real-world problems. The student is expected to:

determine the relationship between the unit circle and the definition of a periodic function to evaluate trigonometric functions in mathematical and real-world problems;

describe the relationship between degree and radian measure on the unit circle;

represent angles in radians or degrees based on the concept of rotation and find the measure of reference angles and angles in standard position;

represent angles in radians or degrees based on the concept of rotation in mathematical and real-world problems, including linear and angular velocity;

determine the value of trigonometric ratios of angles and solve problems involving trigonometric ratios in mathematical and real-world problems;

use trigonometry in mathematical and real-world problems, including directional bearing;

use the Law of Sines in mathematical and real-world problems;

use the Law of Cosines in mathematical and real-world problems;

use vectors to model situations involving magnitude and direction;

represent the addition of vectors and the multiplication of a vector by a scalar geometrically and symbolically; and

apply vector addition and multiplication of a vector by a scalar in mathematical and real-world problems.

Algebraic reasoning. The student uses process standards in mathematics to evaluate expressions, describe patterns, formulate models, and solve equations and inequalities using properties, procedures, or algorithms. The student is expected to:

evaluate finite sums and geometric series, when possible, written in sigma notation;

represent arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences using recursive formulas;

calculate the n^th term and the n^th partial sum of an arithmetic series in mathematical and real-world problems;

represent arithmetic series and geometric series using sigma notation;

calculate the n^th term of a geometric series, the n^th partial sum of a geometric series, and sum of an infinite geometric series when it exists;

apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (a + b)ⁿ in powers of a and b for a positive integer n, where a and b are any numbers;

use the properties of logarithms to evaluate or transform logarithmic expressions;

generate and solve logarithmic equations in mathematical and real-world problems;

generate and solve exponential equations in mathematical and real-world problems;

solve polynomial equations with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques in mathematical and real-world problems;

solve polynomial inequalities with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques and write the solution set of the polynomial inequality in interval notation in mathematical and real-world problems;

solve rational inequalities with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques and write the solution set of the rational inequality in interval notation in mathematical and real-world problems;

use trigonometric identities such as reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, cofunctions, even/odd, and sum and difference identities for cosine and sine to simplify trigonometric expressions; and

generate and solve trigonometric equations in mathematical and real-world problems.

Independent Study in Mathematics

Knowledge and skills: mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Independent Study in Mathematics

Knowledge and skills: mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

Mathematical modeling in social sciences

Mathematical modeling in fine arts

Mathematical modeling in science and engineering

Mathematical modeling in personal finance

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies mathematical processes to design a study and use graphical, numerical, and analytical techniques to communicate the results of the study

formulate a meaningful question, determine the data needed to answer the question, gather the appropriate data, analyze the data, and draw reasonable conclusions

communicate methods used, analyses conducted, and conclusions drawn for a data-analysis project through the use of one or more of the following: a written report, a visual display, an oral report, or a multi-media presentation

The student uses mathematical processes with graphical and numerical techniques to study patterns and analyze data related to personal finance

use rates and linear functions to solve problems involving personal finance and budgeting, including compensations and deductions

solve problems involving personal taxes

analyze data to make decisions about banking, including options for online banking, checking accounts, overdraft protection, processing fees, and debit card/ATM fees

The student uses mathematical processes with algebraic formulas, graphs, and amortization modeling to solve problems involving credit

use formulas to generate tables to display series of payments for loan amortizations resulting from financed purchases

analyze personal credit options in retail purchasing and compare relative advantages and disadvantages of each option

use technology to create amortization models to investigate home financing and compare buying a home to renting a home

use technology to create amortization models to investigate automobile financing and compare buying a vehicle to leasing a vehicle

The student uses mathematical processes with algebraic formulas, numerical techniques, and graphs to solve problems related to financial planning

analyze and compare coverage options and rates in insurance

investigate and compare investment options, including stocks, bonds, annuities, certificates of deposit, and retirement plans

analyze types of savings options involving simple and compound interest and compare relative advantages of these options

The student applies mathematical processes with algebraic techniques to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to science

use proportionality and inverse variation to describe physical laws such as Hook's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, and Boyle's Law

use exponential models available through technology to model growth and decay in areas, including radioactive decay

use quadratic functions to model motion

The student applies mathematical processes with algebra and geometry to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to architecture and engineering

use similarity, geometric transformations, symmetry, and perspective drawings to describe mathematical patterns and structure in architecture

use scale factors with two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects to demonstrate proportional and non-proportional changes in surface area and volume as applied to fields

use the Pythagorean Theorem and special right-triangle relationships to calculate distances

use trigonometric ratios to calculate distances and angle measures as applied to fields

The student uses mathematical processes with algebra and geometry to study patterns and analyze data as it applies to fine arts

use trigonometric ratios and functions available through technology to model periodic behavior in art and music

use similarity, geometric transformations, symmetry, and perspective drawings to describe mathematical patterns and structure in art and photography

use geometric transformations, proportions, and periodic motion to describe mathematical patterns and structure in music

use scale factors with two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects to demonstrate proportional and non-proportional changes in surface area and volume as applied to fields

The student applies mathematical processes to determine the number of elements in a finite sample space and compute the probability of an event

determine the number of ways an event may occur using combinations, permutations, and the Fundamental Counting Principle

compare theoretical to empirical probability

use experiments to determine the reasonableness of a theoretical model such as binomial or geometric

The student applies mathematical processes and mathematical models to analyze data as it applies to social sciences

interpret information from various graphs, including line graphs, bar graphs, circle graphs, histograms, scatterplots, dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, and box and whisker plots, to draw conclusions from the data and determine the strengths and weaknesses of conclusions

analyze numerical data using measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and variability (range, interquartile range or IQR, and standard deviation) in order to make inferences with normal distributions

distinguish the purposes and differences among types of research, including surveys, experiments, and observational studies

use data from a sample to estimate population mean or population proportion

analyze marketing claims based on graphs and statistics from electronic and print media and justify the validity of stated or implied conclusions

use regression methods available through technology to model linear and exponential functions, interpret correlations, and make predictions

Algebraic reasoning

Number and measure

Relations and geometric reasoning

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

Functions

demonstrate that function composition is not always commutative

represent a given function as a composite function of two or more functions

describe symmetry of graphs of even and odd functions

determine an inverse function, when it exists, for a given function over its domain or a subset of its domain and represent the inverse using multiple representations

graph exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, power, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, and piecewise defined functions, including step functions

graph functions, including exponential, logarithmic, sine, cosine, rational, polynomial, and power functions and their transformations, including af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx) for specific values of a, b, c, and d, in mathematical and real-world problems

graph arcsin x and arccos x and describe the limitations on the domain

determine and analyze the key features of exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, power, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, and piecewise defined functions, including step functions such as domain, range, symmetry, relative maximum, relative minimum, zeros, asymptotes, and intervals over which the function is increasing or decreasing

analyze and describe end behavior of functions, including exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, and power functions, using infinity notation to communicate this characteristic in mathematical and real-world problems

analyze characteristics of rational functions and the behavior of the function around the asymptotes, including horizontal, vertical, and oblique asymptotes

determine various types of discontinuities in the interval (-∞, ∞) as they relate to functions and explore the limitations of the graphing calculator as it relates to the behavior of the function around discontinuities

describe the left-sided behavior and the right-sided behavior of the graph of a function around discontinuities

analyze situations modeled by functions, including exponential, logarithmic, rational, polynomial, and power functions, to solve real-world problems

develop and use a sinusoidal function that models a situation in mathematical and real-world problems

determine the values of the trigonometric functions at the special angles and relate them in mathematical and real-world problems

The student uses the process standards in mathematics to model and make connections between algebraic and geometric relations

graph a set of parametric equations

convert parametric equations into rectangular relations and convert rectangular relations into parametric equations

use parametric equations to model and solve mathematical and real-world problems

graph points in the polar coordinate system and convert between rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates

graph polar equations by plotting points and using technology

determine the conic section formed when a plane intersects a double-napped cone

make connections between the locus definition of conic sections and their equations in rectangular coordinates

use the characteristics of an ellipse to write the equation of an ellipse with center (h, k)

use the characteristics of a hyperbola to write the equation of a hyperbola with center (h, k)

The student uses process standards in mathematics to apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to calculate measures in mathematical and real-world problems

determine the relationship between the unit circle and the definition of a periodic function to evaluate trigonometric functions in mathematical and real-world problems

describe the relationship between degree and radian measure on the unit circle

represent angles in radians or degrees based on the concept of rotation and find the measure of reference angles and angles in standard position

represent angles in radians or degrees based on the concept of rotation in mathematical and real-world problems, including linear and angular velocity

determine the value of trigonometric ratios of angles and solve problems involving trigonometric ratios in mathematical and real-world problems

use trigonometry in mathematical and real-world problems, including directional bearing

use the Law of Sines in mathematical and real-world problems

use the Law of Cosines in mathematical and real-world problems

use vectors to model situations involving magnitude and direction

represent the addition of vectors and the multiplication of a vector by a scalar geometrically and symbolically

apply vector addition and multiplication of a vector by a scalar in mathematical and real-world problems

The student uses process standards in mathematics to evaluate expressions, describe patterns, formulate models, and solve equations and inequalities using properties, procedures, or algorithms

evaluate finite sums and geometric series, when possible, written in sigma notation

represent arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences using recursive formulas

calculate the nth term and the nth partial sum of an arithmetic series in mathematical and real-world problems

represent arithmetic series and geometric series using sigma notation

calculate the nth term of a geometric series, the nth partial sum of a geometric series, and sum of an infinite geometric series when it exists

apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (a + b)n in powers of a and b for a positive integer n, where a and b are any numbers

use the properties of logarithms to evaluate or transform logarithmic expressions

generate and solve logarithmic equations in mathematical and real-world problems

generate and solve exponential equations in mathematical and real-world problems

solve polynomial equations with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques in mathematical and real-world problems

solve polynomial inequalities with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques and write the solution set of the polynomial inequality in interval notation in mathematical and real-world problems

solve rational inequalities with real coefficients by applying a variety of techniques and write the solution set of the rational inequality in interval notation in mathematical and real-world problems

use trigonometric identities such as reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, cofunctions, even/odd, and sum and difference identities for cosine and sine to simplify trigonometric expressions

generate and solve trigonometric equations in mathematical and real-world problems

Bivariate data

Inference

Probability and random variables

Categorical and quantitative data

Variability

Statistical process sampling and experimentation

Mathematical process standards

The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas

display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication

The student applies mathematical processes to apply understandings about statistical studies, surveys, and experiments to design and conduct a study and use graphical, numerical, and analytical techniques to communicate the results of the study

compare and contrast the benefits of different sampling techniques, including random sampling and convenience sampling methods

distinguish among observational studies, surveys, and experiments

analyze generalizations made from observational studies, surveys, and experiments

distinguish between sample statistics and population parameters

formulate a meaningful question, determine the data needed to answer the question, gather the appropriate data, analyze the data, and draw reasonable conclusions

communicate methods used, analyses conducted, and conclusions drawn for a data-analysis project through the use of one or more of the following: a written report, a visual display, an oral report, or a multi-media presentation

critically analyze published findings for appropriateness of study design implemented, sampling methods used, or the statistics applied

The student applies the mathematical process standards when describing and modeling variability

distinguish between mathematical models and statistical models

construct a statistical model to describe variability around the structure of a mathematical model for a given situation

distinguish among different sources of variability, including measurement, natural, induced, and sampling variability

describe and model variability using population and sampling distributions

The student applies the mathematical process standards to represent and analyze both categorical and quantitative data

distinguish between categorical and quantitative data

represent and summarize data and justify the representation

analyze the distribution characteristics of quantitative data, including determining the possible existence and impact of outliers

compare and contrast different graphical or visual representations given the same data set

compare and contrast meaningful information derived from summary statistics given a data set

analyze categorical data, including determining marginal and conditional distributions, using two-way tables

The student applies the mathematical process standards to connect probability and statistics

determine probabilities, including the use of a two-way table

describe the relationship between theoretical and empirical probabilities using the Law of Large Numbers

construct a distribution based on a technology-generated simulation or collected samples for a discrete random variable

compare statistical measures such as sample mean and standard deviation from a technology-simulated sampling distribution to the theoretical sampling distribution

The student applies the mathematical process standards to make inferences and justify conclusions from statistical studies

explain how a sample statistic and a confidence level are used in the construction of a confidence interval

explain how changes in the sample size, confidence level, and standard deviation affect the margin of error of a confidence interval

calculate a confidence interval for the mean of a normally distributed population with a known standard deviation

calculate a confidence interval for a population proportion

interpret confidence intervals for a population parameter, including confidence intervals from media or statistical reports

explain how a sample statistic provides evidence against a claim about a population parameter when using a hypothesis test

construct null and alternative hypothesis statements about a population parameter

explain the meaning of the p-value in relation to the significance level in providing evidence to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis in the context of the situation

interpret the results of a hypothesis test using technology-generated results such as large sample tests for proportion, mean, difference between two proportions, and difference between two independent means

describe the potential impact of Type I and Type II Errors

The student applies the mathematical process standards to analyze relationships among bivariate quantitative data

analyze scatterplots for patterns, linearity, outliers, and influential points

transform a linear parent function to determine a line of best fit

compare different linear models for the same set of data to determine best fit, including discussions about error

compare different methods for determining best fit, including median-median and absolute value

describe the relationship between influential points and lines of best fit using dynamic graphing technology

identify and interpret the reasonableness of attributes of lines of best fit within the context, including slope and y-intercept